Then press the OK button to accept the new section size. Take note of all the different concrete column shapes that can be designed in TSD. In a 2D Base view create a box around gridline 2 — take note of the cross hairs at the intersection points indicating a column is going to be created. In the 2D base view take note of the concrete column alignment which is an option in the property grid — we will be changing these later.
In either the 2D or 3D view select the internal columns. In the Properties window adjust the Top level of these columns to St. Select the two outer columns. In the Properties window, under Alignment set Major snap level and Minor snap level to be both Centre. In either the 2D or 3D view, select the central column.
In the Properties window and change the Material Type to Steel. Set the Construction to Non-composite column. Tick the Autodesign option. Either in a 2D or 3D view, right click over the central steel column highlights green. Enter the name Steel Column 1 for the property set. Press OK. Select the remaining two internal columns and check the property grid that you have 2 columns selected. With the columns selected press the Apply button.
Press Esc to exit the selection operation. The Internal columns will have the property set now of steel, created from an element already established in the model. Step 9.
On the Home tab, select Manage Property Sets command. Go to Structure 3D view and in the Model tab click the Frame command. Move the cursor over Grid Line B and left click to execute blue boundary box will appear to show the elevation you are creating. Double click the level name St. On the Model tab, click the Concrete Beam command. In the Properties window, create a new section size of mm breath and mm depth.
Press the Save button in the Properties window. Enter the Property Set name to be Concrete Beam 1. Either in the 2D Plan view or Frame view, place 2 concrete beams in the outer bays.
If in a frame view use the Intersection option in the context menu select by the arrow keys or tab key to pick the point required. Obtain either a 2D Plan or Frame view of gridline B. On the Model tab, click the Steel Beam command. Tick the AutoDesign option in the Properties window. Place the steel beams in the remaining area of the floor.
We will be using construction lines to create the form of steel truss. Steel Sections to be placed in the model — these can be saved as property sets. Select the Frame View of gridline B. On the Model tab, click the Construction Line command. From the drop list option, pick Parallel Quick. On the frame view of gridline B, click the gridline for the base level to act as a reference line then move the mouse cursor down to indicate the offset direction.
Press the keyboard F2 button to access the distance entry box. Type an offset distance of 26m and press the Enter key to create that line. Now we need to create a vertical line to intersect this line. From the same drop list option, choose Construction Line. Click on the bottom of the existing middle vertical line to start. Step Move the cursor vertically down to pass the new created horizontal line. Click to create a new vertical line. On the same drop list option, pick Arc.
To create the arc — click on the lower intersection just created. Then click on the Right Hand Eaves position to define the beginning of the radius. Finally click on the Left Hand Eaves position to define the end of the radius. To create a series of vertical lines to define the truss bays, we use the rectangular wizard in the same frame view. On the same drop list option, pick Rectangular Wizard. When picking the Origin position pick the bottom left of truss bottom level.
Generate Y Direction Lines Only to construct vertical lines at a distance of 4m. Press Next to continue. In the X direction extents, generate 11 Count of vertical lines at 2m intervals. Press Next. Accept the defaults for Rotation Angle and Axis Angle. Press Finish to create the vertical lines. The arrangement of the construction lines to define the truss is now complete. On the Model tab, click Steel Truss command. From the drop list option, pick Free Form.
Ensure that the saved property set Truss Top Boom is selected from Properties window drop list. Click on individual intersections to pick point to insert truss element. Repeat the placing of the truss elements until the centreline at gridline 2. Create a single truss element to the centreline at gridline 2 for the bottom boom — remember to change the Property Set to Truss Bottom Boom.
Set to use the Truss Internal property set in the Properties window grid and place the following truss elements up to gridline 2. Select all the elements of the top boom and ensure the releases of both ends are Fully Fixed.
Now select the first individual member that is connected to the column and set releases at Fixity end 1 to Pin. Repeat the same process for the bottom boom to set it fixed at its end along gridline 2 and pinned at the end at the column.
In the frame view of gridline B, select all elements of the truss. The Select operation will give you the option to pick individual members of the truss or the whole truss. Under the Edit tab, pick Mirror command. Place in the final Internal truss member and Save the Project.
On the Load tab, click the Loadcases command. Change the name and type of the Imposed to Roof Imposed. Press OK to exit this dialogue In this dialogue, unlimited number of loadcases can be created and automatically merged into combinations for a specific design head code.
Select the Slab self weight loadcase from the drop list option. Graphically left click on the beam in the frame view to apply the load. Use the Scene Contents to display the loading text on the screen. Set to Dead loadcase. Under the Load tab, pick the Nodal Load command.
Set to Roof Imposed loadcase. Apply vertical load of 3. Under the Load tab, click the Combination command. Click on the Generate… button in the combination dialogue.
Pick the option of Table A1. Press Finish and OK to exit the combinations dialogue. This will generate two gravity combinations to the model — they can be inspected and edited by selecting the individual combination in the list on the left. Click the Validate command on either Model or Load tab. Go to the Project Workspace and click on Status tab to check if there is any issue reported on the model.
Select the Analyse tab and click the Show Process button at left bottom corner of the screen. In the Analysis tab, click the 1st Order Linear command.
Select all loadcases and combination to be analysed. TSD automatically does this mathematical check for you. The Loading tab within the Project Workspace is used to organise the loadcases and combinations into a hierarchical structure.
It also provides a summary of each loadcase that can be used to cross check against the load applied. Select the Loading tab in the Project Workspace. If there is discrepancy between total load on structure and total reaction, you need to investigate and check on the model for any incorrect input or modelling mistake.
In the current view, select the Analysis Results View found at the bottom of the screen. Activating this view will open the ribbon tab for Results. Select a loadcase or combination of the result you would like to view using the toggle buttons and drop down list. Create the following graphical results display: Z deflections, axial, vertical support reactions for the combination 1 STR Under Result Type - select 1st Order Linear.
Under Deflections — click on Z. Under 1D Results — click on Axial Force. Under Support Reactions — click on Fz. Set the combination to 1 STR Toggle the 2D button to view the fame in 3D. The forces diagram and deflection diagram can be animated or scaled using the sliders.
We will design an appropriate size later in the exercise. Open the Scene Contents and turn off the top and bottom booms display.
Turn them back on when finished. Select the Analysis tab and then Tabular Data. Then select a number of inputs and results data tables from the drop down list on the ribbon. Edit Member — Same options as the Properties window, individual modification of the element but in a pop up dialogue.
Open Load Analysis View — Choose this option to see detailed individual analysis results from the altered ribbon options. When the cursor changes to hold the left mouse button down and drag the cursor to a new location. The Distance property is adjusted and co-existent values are displayed for the distance set. To open the Solver View click the toggle button in the bottom right of the window.
To see the properties of any element — left click and look to the Properties window. Go to Load tab, click on Loadcases command. Go the Edit tab and click the Copy command. Follow the instructions in the yellow information bar — pick the Reference Node at the location as shown in below. Press Esc twice to exit the operation and clear the selection.
Open St. Go to Model tab and click the Concrete Beam command. Edit the section to be Rectangular x — then save as a property set. Click and drag two boxed to connect the frames. In the current view, click the Steel Beam command Step 2.
Set to AutoDesign in the Properties window Step 3. Individually pick the intersection points to place them along gridline 2. Still in create beam mode place the cursor over the vertical beam and pick the central node point and pick the similar point on the other corresponding beam.
Repeat this process for all steel bays. Still in the 2D plan view, click the Slab on Beams command. Use the click and drag method to create all slabs in individual bays. Slabs can be placed by picking the individual points — untick the option Select bays.
From the drop list, select the Composite Slabs command. G Centre of Gravity position as you build the model. Delete and Rotate the following slabs in the model. Openings which exist in one way decomposition slab are usually framed with beam elements. In the Model tab, click the Slab Opening command. Within a two-way slab, single click to pick 1st corner of opening, move the cursor and single click to pick the diagonal corner of opening.
In the Properties window you have options for shape rectangular and circular and any rotation. Go to Loads tab and click the Loadcases command.
Ensure for Slab self weight the option Calc Automatically is ticked. Press OK to confirm the above. Click on any slab panel to apply this load. Switch the 2D plan view into a 3D view — click on the 3D icon in the bottom right corner. Open the Scene Contents window and find the Loading option.
Open the addition options next to loading and select the Text option then press OK. Switch the loadcase to First Floor Imposed and apply 3. Switch to the Structure 3D View. Create a single Steel Beam at the eaves level.
Save this property set as Eaves Beam. Either create and place new eaves beams using the saved property set or use the Copy function. In the Structure 3D View. Create a single Steel Beam at the first top boom truss node position.
Save this property set as Purlin using right click context menu option. Copy function: Step 1. Select all the purlins using Ctrl key for multiple selection. Following the instructions given in the information bar — first pick on a reference point and then pick on new location to paste the purlins. Pick a Front view from the 3D view cube. Holding the Ctrl key adding to the selection and using select entity by window crossing to select on all purlins.
Drag a window from right to left, having it crosses the purlins — careful not to select the eaves beam Step 3. Switch back to 3D perspective view. Go to Edit tab, click the Mirror command.
Pick on the central node in the truss as the Reference Node. They offer no additional stiffness to the model and must be supported in the span direction by a beam element. In the Model tab pick the Roof Panel command. Roof or wall panels must be placed in a planer position no creases in the panel otherwise load decomposition cannot occur. Click each corner of the panel in sequence to place the panel.
The panels will highlight in Red and Green when the appropriate node position is selected. The span direction of the panel of the panel needs to be altered — Select the roof panel item. In the Properties window set the rotation to 90 degrees. Repeat this process and add half of the roof panels taking account of the rotation. Select the roof panels and use the Mirror command in the XZplane to place the remaining panels. Pick the central top boom node as the Reference Node. Go to the Load tab, click the Loadcases command.
Press OK to exit the dialogue. We will be using Area Loads to place loading on the roof structure. In the Structure 3D view. Select the loadcase Roof Dead from the Loading List option.
In the Loads tab, click the Area Loads command. Adjust the load value in the Properties window to 0. Pick a Front view and drag a crossing window from right to left across the roof panel items.
Repeat the same process to apply Area Load of 0. Check the applied loading in the Structure 3D View. Remember to use the Scene Contents to turn on the load value text display. Set the loadcase to None to remove the loading from the view. When any floor is established in the model the Floors option must be ticked in the Construction Levels.
More information on this option can be found in the Help System by pressing F1. In the Model tab, click the Construction Levels command. Place a tick next to Truss Bottom in the Floors option. Open a 2D view of the Truss Bottom level. Establish the floor layout shown below — Place the primary beam as shown below in a single bay.
Now use the Copy command to establish the floor plate shown below. In the Model tab, in the slab area use the drop list to select the Steel Deck command. In the Properties window, set the slab Depth to be mm. Drag a window encompassing the whole floor area to place the steel deck items. Place a Slab Load of 1. Pick the same options as previous. In the Load tab, click the Combination command. Delete the previous established combinations.
Click the Generate… button in the combination dialogue at bottom right. Untick all other combinations options. Press Finish. Check the individual combinations that the combinations contain all the loadcases. Press OK to exit the combinations dialogue. Press the Validate button either off the quick access button or the end of the ribbon. Check in the Status tab under Project Workspace to see if there are any issues reported. The model has passed validation showing green ticks next to Model and Model Geometry.
In the Analyse tab, click the Options command. The following dialogue is displayed — here is where we can control the different options for analysis and the control of inertias in the model.
Each element will allow you to specify which option is applicable. Open the Show Process window. Run the 1st Order Linear analysis in the Analyse tab. Select to analyse all loadcases and combinations and press OK. Check the process window to ensure the analysis has completed. Check for load applied on the structure against the total reaction. The green ticks in the Project workspace window indicates correct loading decomposition.
Check the deflections of the structure by switching to the Results View. Explore other diagrams and tabulated results — ensure all deflections are less than 1m. It is always recommended that you have a stable model deflections less than 1m in all directions before you conduct any form of design. Currently the only materials which are allowed for design are Steel and Concrete. TSD will pick the appropriate analysis type depending if non-linear geometric objects existed in the model.
More information on this topic will be discussed in the later chapter. Any design forces smaller than the values defined here are ignored in the design calculations. This dialogue gives a permissible limit which is controlled by the user. Some forces greater than the values set above will be ignored by the individual member design, since they cannot be handled by the element type. The element will be flagged as a warning a yellow triangle to advise of this and the member design results will clearly detail this.
These elements are placed together in a group and the worst case design of section or reinforcement applied to all members of the same group.
Concrete elements are grouped together while steel elements are designed individually. Individual groups can be controlled via the Project Workspace — Groups tab.
The Autodesign option controls what happens to individual steel and concrete member Autodesign settings at the end of the design process.
Only 2 combinations have been created and classified as Gravity, therefore only these two combinations will be analysed and the design produced from the results.
In the Design tab, click the Design All Gravity command. This button will design both steel and concrete elements for gravity combinations. The following message will appear in the bottom right of the screen. Review the Show Process window to ensure all aspects of the design have been completed. Check the deflections for the structure in the Results View. Each member is colour coded to indicate its Autodesign setting On or Off.
To graphically copy the section size and grade between members: 1. In the Properties window, select the parameter to copy Section, Grade or Both. Click on the member containing the steel to be copied.
Click on the member s to which you want to apply the steel. The member clicked on has to be of the same type beam, column, or brace as the source member. To change the source being copied from, press Esc and then select a different member. Highlight any option in the tree to display the information. The blue exclamation mark indicates the critical option in the design, along with any relevant causes in the codes of practice. Individual combination design results will be listed in the tree — but the critical combination listed in the summary.
All aspects of the design can be interrogated and the blue exclamation mark indicated the critical condition. Edit a steel beam by double left clicking on it - change the section size to UKB xx66 and press OK. The graphical status area shows question marks.
Right click on the same steel beam as in above and select Check Member. Right click again on the same steel beam and select Design Member.
The individual element will run through the Autodesign process and select a section size which is adequate for the previous analysis results. If any element has a force exceeding the values stated above, it will be highlighted as a warning. The design will still continue but ignoring this offending force value.
This value can be seen in the Forces Ignored area of the design results. Re-run the Design All Static for the model to update the analysis and design results. For a gravity design a model can have all elements passing, but when lateral combinations are applied and checked, these elements can now fail. The Eurocode requires they are applied to all combinations.
They are applied in the analysis as a horizontal force at each beam column intersection with a magnitude of 0.
This is achieved by applying the loads themselves in global X and Y as above, and then using the combination factors to set them in Dir1 and Dir2 as required. In addition, you are able to set up the combinations manually and apply factors to each as required.
If a value of is entered then am would reduce to 0. In the Load tab, click the Load Combination command. In the combinations dialogue, delete all previous combinations. Press the Generate… button. Un-tick the options Geo, Accidental and Seismic combinations - press Next. Accept the defaults on the combinations equation generator — press Next. Accept defaults on the service factor generator — press Next.
Press Finish to exit the generator and OK to exit the combination dialogue. Total 10 combinations are created from the Combination Generator. In the Project Workspace, select the Loading tab. Right click over the title Loadcases and pick the option Renumber. Repeat the step above for combinations. Perform a complete design on all loadcases and combinations.
Check the Loading Summary b. Check the Deflections of the Structure c. Check the Element Design d. In the Load tab, select Loadcases command. Go to Structure 3D view and select the Wind in X loadcase from the loading list option.
In the Load tab, click the Nodal Load command. Define in the Properties window a load value of 15kN in the X direction. In the Structure 3D view pick a beam to beam or beam to column intersection point to place a nodal load.
In the 3D view, click on a perimeter beam to place the full UDL on it. When a member load is placed on an element this will induce bending which may invalidate the design i. Wall and Roof panels are used to decompose an area load to the connecting elements. These panels are one way spanning and have to option to decompose as nodal loads or UDLs Walls. Roofs are placed as flat or sloped panels, Walls are placed vertically.
To place a wind panel all intersection points must be placed in sequence and must be planer. In the Model tab and pick the Wall Panel command. Pick the intersection points in sequence to place a panel Remember to pick every intersection point on the top boom timber truss. Either double left click the last point to end the panel or single click back to the start to finish the creation of the wall panel. Nodes picked in an Anti-clockwise direction will place an opaque blue indicating the Outward side.
For load decomposition to occur — the Outward face opaque blue must be shown. If you have placed the wall panel with the inward face showing — reverse the orientation using the technique described above.
In the Load tab, pick the Area Load command. Delete the Loadcase Wind in X. Before this can be used, the structure need to be encased in decomposition Roof and Wall panels. Place Wall Panels on the remaining vertical faces of the structure. Ensure that the Outward face orientation is facing you. Check the panel orientation by rotating the model using the right mouse button.
In the Load tab, pick the Wind Wizard command. Pick the following options in the wizard and press Next. Fill in the fields as shown below for Basic Data and press Next. Fill in the fields as shown below for Rougness and Obstructions and press Next.
Press the Details… button to report the wind data then press Finish. Activate the Wind View mode by selecting the Icon in the lower right or right click the Structure 3D tab. Select the Wind tab in the Project Workspace. Wind information can be displayed via the options and the ribbon and other directions can be viewed vied the drop down option or double clicking the direction in the project window.
In the Load tab and click the Wind Loadcases command. In the Combinations dialogue, delete all previous created combinations. Only check the first combination for the EHFs and press Finish. Please note that all combinations must include EHF forces in the design. Renumber the loadcases and combinations. Perform the Design All Static command and then check the followings: a.
Design process — Show Process window b. Design status — Status tab in Project Workspace The solver is indicating a large deflection in the model. Loading Summary — Loading tab in Project Workspace d. Deflections — Results View The structure clearly has lateral issues in the perpendicular direction to the truss - try and stabilise the structure by adding other structural elements Bracings, Walls, Etc. Select the Report tab on the ribbon. On the Select option, click on the drop down list options to see the available reports.
Highlight a report and click the Show Report command. The report above has been generated by adding individual components.
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